Recent progress of graphene oxide as a potential vaccine carrier and adjuvant

The authors raise concerns that while Graphene Oxide (GO) shows promise as a vaccine carrier and adjuvant due to its large surface area and capacity to bind antigens, its biocompatibility and aggregation in biological fluids remain serious hurdles for safe and effective use. They highlight how surface modifications can mitigate some of these issues, but emphasize that systematic evaluation of toxicity, immune responses and long‐term safety is still needed.